WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.089 --> 00:00:04.073 We’ve taken a look at a few different lighting technologies in past videos, 00:00:04.073 --> 00:00:07.590 but so far they’ve all been of the electric persuasion. 00:00:07.966 --> 00:00:09.428 However, [match is struck] 00:00:09.428 --> 00:00:12.731 technology isn’t limited to the realm of electricity. 00:00:12.731 --> 00:00:17.688 This simple candle contains what was at one point a marvelous new invention: 00:00:18.267 --> 00:00:20.607 The self-trimming wick. 00:00:21.968 --> 00:00:24.644 See, most modern candle wicks are designed 00:00:24.644 --> 00:00:27.627 so that they curl as the candle burns away. 00:00:27.627 --> 00:00:31.585 That causes the tip of the wick to leave the body of the flame, 00:00:31.585 --> 00:00:35.537 allowing it to burn away in the oxygen-rich fresh air. 00:00:35.537 --> 00:00:38.360 And this is a surprisingly recent development. 00:00:38.360 --> 00:00:40.419 As late as 1800, 00:00:40.419 --> 00:00:43.869 people were lamenting how annoying wick trimming was. 00:00:43.869 --> 00:00:47.002 Imagine how annoyed you’d be if you needed special scissors 00:00:47.002 --> 00:00:50.013 to trim the top of your light bulbs every half-hour. 00:00:50.360 --> 00:00:54.161 See, the thing about a candle is the wick is not what’s burning. 00:00:54.161 --> 00:00:56.268 It’s the wax that burns. 00:00:56.268 --> 00:00:59.269 Candle wax is a solid, combustible fuel, 00:00:59.269 --> 00:01:05.182 and the wick is simply a clever way to get the fuel to melt, vaporize, and combust. 00:01:05.182 --> 00:01:10.726 Once liquid, capillary action causes the molten wax to travel up the wick's fibers, 00:01:10.726 --> 00:01:13.374 and once near the top it will vaporize. 00:01:13.374 --> 00:01:17.033 The vaporized fuel mixes then with the oxygen-rich air, 00:01:17.033 --> 00:01:19.636 so it burns and creates a flame. 00:01:19.636 --> 00:01:22.924 The wick is just the fuel conveyance device, 00:01:22.924 --> 00:01:26.370 and the solid fuel is a convenient form factor. 00:01:26.370 --> 00:01:30.887 Before wicks like these were developed which could leave the flame’s path, 00:01:30.887 --> 00:01:34.910 the wick would simply get longer relative to the candle as it burned, 00:01:34.910 --> 00:01:38.051 or sometimes they’d form a sort of mushroom shape 00:01:38.051 --> 00:01:40.506 which disturbed the flow of the fuel. 00:01:40.506 --> 00:01:42.869 This made candles burn poorly, 00:01:42.869 --> 00:01:46.650 often with lots of soot or sometimes too intensely, 00:01:46.650 --> 00:01:52.062 so periodic trimming of the wick was required as the candle wax was consumed. 00:01:52.062 --> 00:01:54.210 This hasn’t entirely gone away 00:01:54.210 --> 00:01:57.776 as anyone with an artisanal scented candle can attest. 00:01:58.037 --> 00:02:00.310 But this video isn’t about candles. 00:02:00.310 --> 00:02:02.127 Instead, it’s … 00:02:02.127 --> 00:02:05.326 well, OK, you saw the thumbnail and the title. 00:02:05.992 --> 00:02:07.541 It’s about these things. 00:02:08.005 --> 00:02:09.691 The hurricane lantern. 00:02:10.096 --> 00:02:11.989 Now that’s an interesting name, isn’t it? 00:02:13.407 --> 00:02:14.482 We’ll get to that. 00:02:14.482 --> 00:02:17.917 Now, I’ve always had a bit of a fascination with these things. 00:02:18.467 --> 00:02:20.499 They have such a distinctive shape. 00:02:21.454 --> 00:02:22.479 Why? 00:02:22.479 --> 00:02:25.275 What’s with all this metal piping, 00:02:25.275 --> 00:02:28.500 and especially this weird big thing up here? 00:02:28.703 --> 00:02:31.161 Shall we connect some technologies? 00:02:31.161 --> 00:02:32.344 Yes, please! 00:02:32.865 --> 00:02:34.035 But first… 00:02:34.035 --> 00:02:34.977 lights! 00:02:35.469 --> 00:02:36.940 Aghh! Ugh... 00:02:36.940 --> 00:02:39.365 A funny thing about the human experience 00:02:39.365 --> 00:02:43.186 is that we had figured out fire long before we had really 00:02:43.186 --> 00:02:45.698 **figured out** fire. 00:02:45.698 --> 00:02:48.853 And when we first thought we had figured it out, 00:02:48.853 --> 00:02:50.913 we were very wrong. 00:02:50.913 --> 00:02:55.528 See, we used to think things which could burn were phlogisticated, 00:02:55.528 --> 00:02:58.010 meaning they contained phlogiston. 00:02:58.010 --> 00:03:00.006 Ya know, the burny stuff? 00:03:00.006 --> 00:03:01.646 And when we burned it, 00:03:01.646 --> 00:03:03.648 it used up all the phlogiston, 00:03:03.648 --> 00:03:06.447 so it became dephlogisticated. 00:03:06.447 --> 00:03:10.332 Oh and fires? Well, they go out in enclosed spaces 00:03:10.332 --> 00:03:13.780 because the air can only take on so much phlogiston. 00:03:13.780 --> 00:03:15.649 I like that word quite a lot, 00:03:15.649 --> 00:03:18.199 but it’s, uh, wrong. 00:03:18.199 --> 00:03:20.353 It wasn’t until 1773, 00:03:20.353 --> 00:03:23.718 after Antoine Lavoisier had described combustion theory, 00:03:23.718 --> 00:03:26.846 that we knew how and why stuff burned. 00:03:26.846 --> 00:03:30.114 And once the science was settled, we could make improved devices 00:03:30.114 --> 00:03:32.500 using that newfound scientific understanding. 00:03:32.549 --> 00:03:34.129 Ain’t progress neat? 00:03:34.968 --> 00:03:37.084 But hold on, we’ve skipped something. 00:03:37.084 --> 00:03:40.933 Lanterns like this weren’t the successor to candles, exactly. 00:03:41.830 --> 00:03:43.611 Well, OK they... they kinda were… 00:03:43.611 --> 00:03:46.385 we gotta talk about oil lamps for a second. 00:03:46.385 --> 00:03:49.409 Before even the candle we were using oil lamps, 00:03:49.409 --> 00:03:51.316 but not like this. 00:03:51.316 --> 00:03:54.263 Ya know that story about the guy who rubs a lamp 00:03:54.263 --> 00:03:56.670 and a genie comes out or whatever? 00:03:56.670 --> 00:03:57.918 Yeah, like, like that one. 00:03:57.918 --> 00:04:01.150 At least, that was one style of lamp. 00:04:01.150 --> 00:04:03.055 If you were ever like, "that’s a lamp?" 00:04:03.055 --> 00:04:04.899 Yes, that’s... that's a lamp. 00:04:04.899 --> 00:04:06.662 You’d fill it with some sort of oil, 00:04:06.662 --> 00:04:08.177 lots of oils will do the trick, 00:04:08.177 --> 00:04:11.232 and then you’d stick a piece of string or something through the spout. 00:04:11.232 --> 00:04:15.298 And once the wick soaked up the oil up you could light it, and there you go. 00:04:15.298 --> 00:04:16.468 A lamp. 00:04:16.468 --> 00:04:18.919 Only about as bright as one of these candles but hey, 00:04:18.919 --> 00:04:20.659 it was better than nothing. 00:04:20.659 --> 00:04:23.277 Oil lamps have been around for millennia, 00:04:23.277 --> 00:04:27.859 with the oldest known example dating back to 10,000 BCE, possibly earlier. 00:04:27.859 --> 00:04:30.901 And they hold a lot of cultural significance in many parts of the world 00:04:30.901 --> 00:04:32.201 and in many religions, 00:04:32.201 --> 00:04:35.812 so they’re still used but mainly ceremoniously. 00:04:35.812 --> 00:04:39.132 Anyway, the point is burning a liquid fuel with a wick 00:04:39.132 --> 00:04:42.305 actually predates the candle by a lot. 00:04:42.305 --> 00:04:44.940 As in, many thousands of years. 00:04:44.940 --> 00:04:49.653 This thing contains innovations that came about thanks to our newfound knowledge of combustion, 00:04:49.653 --> 00:04:55.194 but the idea of using a liquid fuel was a return to form and not anything new. 00:04:55.194 --> 00:04:56.987 Ah but it’s not so simple. 00:04:56.987 --> 00:05:00.507 There’s also the fuel this burns, which was its own innovation, 00:05:00.507 --> 00:05:03.990 and there’s the fact that the flat wick incorporated here 00:05:03.990 --> 00:05:07.689 was an invention that predated Levoisier’s combustion theory. 00:05:07.689 --> 00:05:10.659 See, rather than just a piece of string or cord, 00:05:10.659 --> 00:05:14.609 a flat woven wick created a long flat flame. 00:05:14.609 --> 00:05:16.292 This produced a wide flame, 00:05:16.292 --> 00:05:18.126 almost like a wall of fire, 00:05:18.126 --> 00:05:20.006 which is considerably brighter. 00:05:20.006 --> 00:05:22.795 But it was first tried in 1770, 00:05:22.795 --> 00:05:25.776 a few years before combustion theory was put forth. 00:05:25.776 --> 00:05:28.601 As a matter of fact the first true innovation 00:05:28.601 --> 00:05:31.862 that can be pegged as a direct result of combustion theory 00:05:31.862 --> 00:05:33.706 was the Argand burner, 00:05:33.706 --> 00:05:37.190 which didn’t use a flat wick but a round one. 00:05:37.190 --> 00:05:43.155 Having heard this Lavoisier guy talk about oxygen in the air being what drives the combustion process, 00:05:43.155 --> 00:05:46.121 François-Pierre-Amédée Argand was like 00:05:46.121 --> 00:05:49.292 [said in an inexplicably Southern-US accent] “hey, what if I made a wick that had a big ‘ol hole in the middle 00:05:49.292 --> 00:05:52.514 so air could make it through the center of the flame?” 00:05:52.514 --> 00:05:53.741 And so he tried it. 00:05:53.741 --> 00:05:55.117 And it worked! 00:05:55.117 --> 00:05:58.127 The wick looked a little something like this. 00:05:58.127 --> 00:06:01.481 Now, don’t let the fact that this is green fool you. 00:06:01.481 --> 00:06:04.709 This is in fact a red herring. 00:06:04.709 --> 00:06:08.080 But, uh, we’ll burn that bridge when we get there. 00:06:08.080 --> 00:06:11.576 Anyway, a glass chimney placed around the wick 00:06:11.576 --> 00:06:14.716 provided a directed path for the air. 00:06:14.716 --> 00:06:17.590 It would enter as fresh air from below, 00:06:17.590 --> 00:06:19.923 the oxygen would be consumed by the flame, 00:06:19.923 --> 00:06:22.771 and the combustion byproducts would travel up the chimney, 00:06:22.771 --> 00:06:27.655 conveniently creating a draft to pull in fresh air from below. 00:06:27.655 --> 00:06:31.417 Since fresh air could also travel through the wick’s center, 00:06:31.417 --> 00:06:34.219 more oxygen was available for the flame. 00:06:34.219 --> 00:06:39.137 The result was that this new lamp burned much more cleanly than lamps before it, 00:06:39.137 --> 00:06:43.343 and produced a flame 6 to 10 times as bright as a candle. 00:06:43.343 --> 00:06:46.035 Wow! Good work, Argand! 00:06:46.035 --> 00:06:49.675 Oh, and he also devised a way to raise and lower the wick, 00:06:49.675 --> 00:06:53.271 which allowed for finer control over the flame’s size. 00:06:53.271 --> 00:06:55.923 Pretty clever, this Argand guy. 00:06:55.923 --> 00:06:58.736 However, being an invention of the 1780s, 00:06:58.736 --> 00:07:02.460 the Argand lamp still burned stuff like vegetable oils. 00:07:02.460 --> 00:07:05.863 The fuel delivery method wasn’t quite like what goes on here 00:07:05.863 --> 00:07:10.812 because oils of the time were too thick to simply be soaked up by a long wick. 00:07:10.812 --> 00:07:13.677 Oh, and speaking of oils of the time, 00:07:13.677 --> 00:07:19.065 experimentation eventually found that the best oil suited for the Argand lamp was, 00:07:19.065 --> 00:07:20.447 you may have guessed, 00:07:20.447 --> 00:07:22.061 whale oil. 00:07:22.061 --> 00:07:24.233 Now, for clarity, Argand’s new lamp 00:07:24.233 --> 00:07:27.759 wasn’t the first thing or indeed lamp that used whale oil. 00:07:27.759 --> 00:07:30.140 The whaling industry existed long before then, 00:07:30.140 --> 00:07:33.819 so it’s not like Argand was the Thomas Midgley Junior of whales. 00:07:34.514 --> 00:07:36.067 Probably didn’t help ‘em, though. 00:07:36.067 --> 00:07:37.761 He also wasn't Welsh. 00:07:37.761 --> 00:07:42.126 But now we’re going to ignore the tubular wick and go back to the simple flat ones 00:07:42.126 --> 00:07:45.423 because, well, that’s what’s in these things. 00:07:45.423 --> 00:07:47.532 And now let’s ignore these things 00:07:47.532 --> 00:07:53.166 and instead we're gonna talk about this Cracker Barrel-esque table lamp. 00:07:53.166 --> 00:07:55.929 And actually, ignore the lamp for a second. 00:07:55.929 --> 00:07:57.692 Kerosene. 00:07:57.692 --> 00:08:00.598 Which some of you call paraffin to be confusing. 00:08:01.235 --> 00:08:05.424 Although to be fair, the word kerosene was derived from the Greek word for wax, 00:08:05.424 --> 00:08:07.312 which is keros. 00:08:07.688 --> 00:08:08.830 What a mess. 00:08:08.830 --> 00:08:11.126 Oh and also it’s jet fuel. 00:08:11.126 --> 00:08:13.393 But from here on out I’m calling it kerosene 00:08:13.393 --> 00:08:14.770 and it’s what’s in here. 00:08:15.407 --> 00:08:19.324 Kerosene has a convoluted history which I don’t really want to get into right now, 00:08:19.324 --> 00:08:22.583 but it was among the first distilled petroleum products 00:08:22.583 --> 00:08:25.919 and rather quickly superseded whale oil for illumination, 00:08:25.919 --> 00:08:28.508 which delighted whales the oceans over. 00:08:28.508 --> 00:08:30.000 It should be noted, though, 00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:35.377 that even relatively small cities had already moved away from liquid fuel lamps and lanterns 00:08:35.377 --> 00:08:42.148 as central coal gas supplies and distribution were pretty common by the time kerosene was invented. 00:08:42.148 --> 00:08:46.738 Kerosene lamps were mostly relegated to rural or small-town life, 00:08:46.738 --> 00:08:50.187 and wherever portable illumination was required. 00:08:50.250 --> 00:08:53.120 Which is probably why these lamps and lanterns 00:08:53.120 --> 00:08:58.282 evoke the incredibly specific Old West and country vibes they do today. 00:08:58.716 --> 00:09:02.463 They simply weren’t needed in the sprawling metropolis of… 00:09:02.463 --> 00:09:03.733 Baltimore. 00:09:03.733 --> 00:09:05.463 Not exactly a joke, by the way. 00:09:05.463 --> 00:09:08.581 Baltimore had the first gasworks in the United States, 00:09:08.581 --> 00:09:10.681 built in 1816. 00:09:10.681 --> 00:09:14.525 At the time, Baltimore’s population was something around 50,000 people. 00:09:14.525 --> 00:09:16.849 These days that’s a pretty average suburb. 00:09:16.849 --> 00:09:20.672 Kerosene wouldn’t even be invented for another 30 years at least, 00:09:20.672 --> 00:09:21.656 depending on how you look at it, 00:09:21.656 --> 00:09:27.136 leaving plenty of time for the town-gas industry to be copy-pasted from city to city. 00:09:27.136 --> 00:09:30.008 Oh, and also there’s camphine, 00:09:30.008 --> 00:09:33.707 a different liquid fuel made from turpentine and grain alcohol 00:09:33.707 --> 00:09:36.699 which saw use in-between whale oil and kerosene, 00:09:36.699 --> 00:09:38.752 so there’s that complication. 00:09:38.752 --> 00:09:41.394 But anyway, we’re all over the place here. 00:09:41.394 --> 00:09:42.998 As usual. 00:09:42.998 --> 00:09:46.523 So, uh, let’s get back to country-fried steak 00:09:46.523 --> 00:09:48.491 by looking at this thing. 00:09:48.491 --> 00:09:51.995 One of the reasons kerosene as a fuel was a big deal 00:09:51.995 --> 00:09:56.151 was that it could burn cleanly without producing soot. 00:09:56.151 --> 00:10:00.796 Earlier attempts at making kerosene-like fuels failed in this regard. 00:10:00.796 --> 00:10:04.107 But you’ll see that when I light this... 00:10:06.105 --> 00:10:07.120 Well, 00:10:09.088 --> 00:10:11.154 That's actually pretty smoky. 00:10:11.154 --> 00:10:12.718 I don't know how well you can see it. 00:10:12.718 --> 00:10:15.976 But that’s only because the chimney isn’t in place. 00:10:15.976 --> 00:10:18.100 Once I put it on, 00:10:18.100 --> 00:10:21.302 the flame changes shape, it stops producing smoke, 00:10:21.302 --> 00:10:25.063 and most importantly gets much brighter, too. 00:10:25.063 --> 00:10:30.283 With the chimney in place, the exhaust gasses have only one direction to go. 00:10:30.283 --> 00:10:31.592 Straight up. 00:10:31.592 --> 00:10:33.758 The shape of the glass also helps - 00:10:33.758 --> 00:10:36.411 the kink here creates a slight constriction 00:10:36.411 --> 00:10:38.726 which helps form a steady draft. 00:10:38.726 --> 00:10:41.748 And that draft does the most important thing for the flame. 00:10:41.748 --> 00:10:44.737 It pulls in fresh air from below. 00:10:44.737 --> 00:10:47.044 But it’s even more clever than that. 00:10:47.044 --> 00:10:54.152 Notice that there’s nowhere for air to enter this space except for the slit in the burner. 00:10:54.152 --> 00:10:57.636 There are plenty of holes allowing air into the burner itself, 00:10:57.636 --> 00:10:59.961 you can see them from below quite easily, 00:10:59.961 --> 00:11:04.723 but it must pass right near the wick in order to get out. 00:11:04.723 --> 00:11:09.215 The result is a forcibly-induced supply of fresh, oxygen-rich air 00:11:09.215 --> 00:11:11.578 delivered right to the point of combustion, 00:11:11.578 --> 00:11:15.778 giving a bright, smoke-free, and stable flame. 00:11:15.778 --> 00:11:21.569 Now I want to note that you don’t always see burners where the only source of fresh air is through the slit. 00:11:21.569 --> 00:11:26.330 Sometimes there are other holes down here, which are mainly used to help cool the glass.. 00:11:26.330 --> 00:11:30.892 However, what’s interesting about this is that it is effectively a simplification 00:11:30.892 --> 00:11:32.678 of the Argand burner. 00:11:32.678 --> 00:11:36.381 After all, how beneficial is a hollow tube for a wick 00:11:36.381 --> 00:11:40.554 when you could simply pass fresh air over both sides of a flat one? 00:11:40.902 --> 00:11:44.977 Seemingly not a whole lot, at least not in the age of kerosene. 00:11:44.977 --> 00:11:47.847 Tubular-wick designs didn’t go away, exactly, 00:11:47.847 --> 00:11:52.031 but it seems we were OK with the flat wick in most cases. 00:11:52.031 --> 00:11:57.432 Now, I’ve been trying to find a definitive answer for who invented this specific burner 00:11:57.432 --> 00:11:58.837 and when. 00:11:58.837 --> 00:12:03.140 And, well, I was about to say “I’ve seen the same answer a few times in a few places 00:12:03.140 --> 00:12:04.747 but it’s not super well-sourced” 00:12:04.747 --> 00:12:09.560 but then I remembered patents are a thing and this appears to be the one. 00:12:09.560 --> 00:12:13.059 I wasn’t completely sure this was the first burner designed like this, 00:12:13.059 --> 00:12:15.469 especially since the patent opens with 00:12:15.469 --> 00:12:22.992 “My improvement relates to that class of flat wick lamps provided with a cone or deflector, such as is now in general use” 00:12:22.992 --> 00:12:27.299 and this part right here is called the deflector. 00:12:27.299 --> 00:12:29.853 Sounded like this was already an established thing. 00:12:29.853 --> 00:12:31.497 Except I kept reading! 00:12:31.497 --> 00:12:32.870 And I found… 00:12:32.870 --> 00:12:34.046 typos. 00:12:34.046 --> 00:12:38.504 But more importantly, the inventor complains about the current state of the art. 00:12:38.504 --> 00:12:43.380 “Thus constructed, experience has shown that the combustion of the oil was imperfect, 00:12:43.380 --> 00:12:46.639 a large portion escaping in the room unconsumed, 00:12:46.639 --> 00:12:49.298 creating an exceedingly obnoxious odor, 00:12:49.298 --> 00:12:52.102 while the flame was far from being as brilliant, 00:12:52.102 --> 00:12:55.414 and hence as illuminating, as might be desired.” 00:12:55.414 --> 00:12:57.101 Ah, but he goes on. 00:12:57.101 --> 00:12:59.175 “These defects, it has been discovered, 00:12:59.175 --> 00:13:04.022 are in great measure to be attributed to the manner in Which the air is supplied to the flame 00:13:04.022 --> 00:13:06.471 on the inside of the cone or deflector.” 00:13:06.471 --> 00:13:07.650 Aha! 00:13:07.650 --> 00:13:09.096 And further on… 00:13:09.096 --> 00:13:13.972 “To obviate these defects and to provide a flat-wick lamp that will give a clear, 00:13:13.972 --> 00:13:17.369 steady, and brilliant light with less consumption of oil, 00:13:17.369 --> 00:13:20.363 or a more thorough combustion of the oil, 00:13:20.363 --> 00:13:23.926 is one of the objects of my present improvement.” 00:13:23.926 --> 00:13:26.068 This guy knows about combustion! 00:13:26.068 --> 00:13:27.388 Who is he? 00:13:27.388 --> 00:13:33.507 Well, this patent was submitted by Michael A Dietz in 1858. 00:13:33.507 --> 00:13:34.749 That’s right. 00:13:34.749 --> 00:13:36.001 That Dietz. 00:13:36.638 --> 00:13:38.402 Well, his brother anyway. 00:13:38.402 --> 00:13:41.945 Assuming the state of things as presented in this patent is correct, 00:13:41.945 --> 00:13:47.136 not only were kerosene lamps prior to this one smelly obnoxious things, 00:13:47.136 --> 00:13:49.881 they could also sometimes explode 00:13:49.881 --> 00:13:55.753 because until Dietz came along, the only way anyone had figured out how to keep the smell of this new fuel at bay 00:13:55.753 --> 00:13:59.535 was to seal the fuel tank as completely as possible. 00:13:59.535 --> 00:14:01.270 So pressure could build, 00:14:01.270 --> 00:14:04.734 there is after all a sizable fire right above it, and 00:14:04.734 --> 00:14:06.148 boom. 00:14:06.148 --> 00:14:10.928 It really seems like this was the first time someone with a knowledge of combustion science 00:14:10.928 --> 00:14:13.371 tried to make a kerosene lamp. 00:14:13.371 --> 00:14:16.469 Or at least, a flat-wick kerosene lamp. 00:14:16.469 --> 00:14:18.338 And Dietz succeeded! 00:14:18.338 --> 00:14:21.749 OK but way back when the question I led with 00:14:21.749 --> 00:14:26.281 had to do with what the deal is with all this piping and stuff. 00:14:26.281 --> 00:14:29.321 Well, allow me to fill you in on the deets. 00:14:29.321 --> 00:14:33.971 While this lamp which would be at home on a table next to a game of peg solitaire 00:14:33.971 --> 00:14:37.594 uses the same sort of burner that Dietz had come up with, 00:14:37.594 --> 00:14:40.688 this is what’s known as a dead-flame lamp. 00:14:40.688 --> 00:14:44.365 In still air, it burns brilliantly and steadily. 00:14:44.365 --> 00:14:45.878 But introduce some wind, 00:14:45.878 --> 00:14:47.603 even just a little bit, 00:14:47.603 --> 00:14:49.540 and things don’t go so well. 00:14:49.540 --> 00:14:54.011 Very little air disturbance is needed to throw off the draft of this lamp, 00:14:54.011 --> 00:14:56.027 and indeed to blow it out. 00:14:56.027 --> 00:15:01.317 So, this design by itself was really only suitable for indoor use. 00:15:01.317 --> 00:15:05.197 And that’s what these lanterns were invented to solve. 00:15:05.197 --> 00:15:09.194 Except this design wasn’t the first successful one. 00:15:09.194 --> 00:15:10.408 That would be... 00:15:10.987 --> 00:15:12.265 this design. 00:15:13.654 --> 00:15:16.423 Now my fellow lantern aficionados and I, 00:15:16.423 --> 00:15:18.346 we call ourselves Dietz Nuts, 00:15:18.346 --> 00:15:21.141 can tell the difference apart from a mile away. 00:15:21.141 --> 00:15:25.198 Bofa deez (both of these) lanterns succeed at protecting their flames from the wind, 00:15:25.198 --> 00:15:28.903 but the early design came with a serious drawback. 00:15:28.950 --> 00:15:32.557 Let’s take a look at how it protects the flame. 00:15:32.557 --> 00:15:36.557 Remember how in this lamp the air supply comes from below the burner? 00:15:37.020 --> 00:15:40.840 Well, take a closer look at where it comes from here. 00:15:40.840 --> 00:15:44.334 There are holes allowing air into the space of the glass volume, 00:15:44.334 --> 00:15:47.155 in this style of lantern that’s called the globe, 00:15:47.155 --> 00:15:50.743 but they’re not supplying the wick with combustion air. 00:15:50.743 --> 00:15:53.668 That still comes from the space below the burner. 00:15:53.668 --> 00:15:58.247 If we remove the burner we can see there’s an open space above the fuel tank. 00:15:58.247 --> 00:16:01.382 And that space is connected to these tubes. 00:16:01.382 --> 00:16:04.755 Follow them and of course we end up at the very top. 00:16:04.755 --> 00:16:08.402 This design, which today we call the hot-blast lantern, 00:16:08.402 --> 00:16:12.493 was invented by John H. Irwin in 1869. 00:16:12.493 --> 00:16:17.783 It ultimately brings in fresh air for combustion from up here. 00:16:17.783 --> 00:16:20.548 You may see a problem with that idea. 00:16:20.548 --> 00:16:22.877 You’re correct to be concerned. 00:16:22.877 --> 00:16:24.791 But this does work. 00:16:24.791 --> 00:16:28.414 In front of a fan, the flame doesn’t stay steady by any means 00:16:28.414 --> 00:16:31.036 but it stays bright and doesn’t get sooty. 00:16:31.036 --> 00:16:33.742 It’s not impossible for the light to go out, 00:16:33.742 --> 00:16:37.555 but it has much more protection than the dead-flame design. 00:16:37.555 --> 00:16:42.391 Their knack at being wind-resistant is where they get their name from, by the way. 00:16:42.391 --> 00:16:44.383 Hurricane lanterns. 00:16:44.383 --> 00:16:49.306 The flame stays lit because the globe itself prevents wind from directly hitting the flame, 00:16:49.306 --> 00:16:54.605 and the length of the tubes serves as a sort of shock-absorber for the flame’s air supply, 00:16:54.605 --> 00:16:59.407 slowing down any gust of wind that might make its way into the tubes at the top. 00:16:59.407 --> 00:17:04.440 Additionally, the split in direction helps ensure any air that does get blown in 00:17:04.440 --> 00:17:07.455 gets applied to both sides of the flame equally, 00:17:07.455 --> 00:17:11.405 and doesn’t serve to blow it in one direction and possibly out. 00:17:11.405 --> 00:17:16.504 And although the perforations surrounding the burner don’t help get oxygen to where the wick is, 00:17:16.504 --> 00:17:21.307 they do introduce air to the globe which keeps the glass from overheating. 00:17:21.307 --> 00:17:26.292 And, in a roundabout way, they probably do end up providing necessary oxygen 00:17:26.292 --> 00:17:29.453 because of the glaring flaw in this design. 00:17:29.453 --> 00:17:33.445 So, uh, when something gets combusted 00:17:33.445 --> 00:17:37.165 the oxygen in the air that made that combustion possible 00:17:37.165 --> 00:17:39.193 gets used up. 00:17:39.193 --> 00:17:41.359 It ends up in combustion byproducts, 00:17:41.359 --> 00:17:44.181 mainly carbon dioxide and water vapor. 00:17:44.181 --> 00:17:48.487 And you’ll notice that the intake of the fresh air supply 00:17:48.487 --> 00:17:51.391 is directly above the flame. 00:17:51.391 --> 00:17:56.797 This lantern collects some of its exhaust gasses and sends them back to the burner. 00:17:56.797 --> 00:18:00.133 Obviously we don’t have a perfect seal here by any means 00:18:00.133 --> 00:18:04.838 so enough fresh air gets introduced that combustion is still possible. 00:18:04.838 --> 00:18:09.169 But the recirculation of exhaust gasses isn’t ideal. 00:18:09.169 --> 00:18:12.238 I’m hoping this is visible on-camera but if it isn't, 00:18:12.238 --> 00:18:19.218 trust me that the flame of the hot-blast lantern is noticeably yellower than the dead-flame lamp. 00:18:19.218 --> 00:18:24.294 The fact that the wick is supplied with partially-spent air in the lantern 00:18:24.294 --> 00:18:27.098 causes the flame to burn less intensely. 00:18:27.098 --> 00:18:28.866 This means it isn’t as hot, 00:18:28.866 --> 00:18:34.227 so the incandescing soot particles that make the flame visible and ultimately produce its light 00:18:34.227 --> 00:18:38.930 are also not quite as hot, and thus they appear yellower and slightly dimmer. 00:18:38.930 --> 00:18:44.100 This is certainly a worthwhile trade-off for wind-resistance, but it is a bummer. 00:18:44.100 --> 00:18:47.573 Luckily we’d fix that just a few years later. 00:18:47.573 --> 00:18:50.650 Indeed the same person, John H. Irwin, 00:18:50.650 --> 00:18:53.936 would patent this design in 1873. 00:18:54.247 --> 00:18:58.450 Or rather, a design which uses the same principle, anyway. 00:18:58.450 --> 00:19:01.115 The drawings don’t look much like this at all. 00:19:01.115 --> 00:19:04.652 This new design, which today we call the cold-blast lantern, 00:19:04.652 --> 00:19:06.712 allowed for the best of both worlds. 00:19:06.712 --> 00:19:10.262 You’ll notice that now there is a seal at the top of the globe, 00:19:10.262 --> 00:19:13.570 and rather than a simple tube and funnel contraption 00:19:13.570 --> 00:19:17.150 we have this much more complicated chimney setup. 00:19:17.150 --> 00:19:21.389 However we have the same exact idea from the tubes downward. 00:19:21.389 --> 00:19:24.085 They end up in that same space above the fuel tank, 00:19:24.085 --> 00:19:27.293 and that’s how the wick gets its combustion air. 00:19:27.293 --> 00:19:33.450 The key difference in this lantern is that fresh air and combustion air (spent air - script error!) no longer intermingle. 00:19:33.450 --> 00:19:36.954 Hot, spent air from the flame travels up the chimney, 00:19:36.954 --> 00:19:41.011 but that chimney is actually inside this larger collar. 00:19:41.011 --> 00:19:45.514 It’s now spring-loaded to put downward pressure on the globe and keep it sealed. 00:19:45.514 --> 00:19:50.208 And the air-supply tubes are now open to the space surrounding the chimney. 00:19:50.208 --> 00:19:52.097 And the difference is significant. 00:19:52.097 --> 00:19:54.646 Again, I’m not sure if this will be visible on camera, 00:19:54.646 --> 00:20:00.271 but the flame of the cold-blast lantern is much whiter and brighter than the hot-blast. 00:20:00.271 --> 00:20:05.728 In fact, these lamps are burning the same exact fuel and their wicks are the same size, 00:20:05.728 --> 00:20:11.329 so the only difference between these two is the design of the lantern itself. 00:20:11.329 --> 00:20:15.507 Cleverly, the currents produced by the exhaust gases leaving the chimney 00:20:15.507 --> 00:20:19.865 actually help pull fresh air into the lantern’s intake tubes, 00:20:19.865 --> 00:20:25.995 although I must admit I’m a little skeptical about that detail, or at least how it’s worded. 00:20:25.995 --> 00:20:32.132 I mean, the flame itself will create a low-pressure area behind it as the exhaust travels upward, 00:20:32.132 --> 00:20:37.039 and that’s going to cause the atmosphere to push fresh air into these tubes. 00:20:37.039 --> 00:20:41.550 I think the only real benefit here is the separation of exhaust and intake 00:20:41.550 --> 00:20:44.248 but please do let us know otherwise. 00:20:44.248 --> 00:20:48.777 At any rate, that’s why these lanterns look like this. 00:20:48.777 --> 00:20:51.390 The knowledge of Lavoisier’s theory of combustion, 00:20:51.390 --> 00:20:57.435 Argand’s clever hollow wick with lifting mechanism for more complete combustion and flame control, 00:20:57.435 --> 00:21:01.192 Dietz re-imagining it for kerosene and flat wicks, 00:21:01.192 --> 00:21:04.213 and Irwin’s designs for wind-resistance 00:21:04.213 --> 00:21:07.143 ultimately combined into this lantern. 00:21:08.475 --> 00:21:10.925 Well, not this exact lantern - 00:21:10.925 --> 00:21:16.327 Dietz alone sold plenty of different models, in fact, here’s a larger one. 00:21:16.327 --> 00:21:17.573 The Blizzard. 00:21:17.573 --> 00:21:23.372 But this very recognizable design became the de facto outdoor lantern 00:21:23.372 --> 00:21:27.484 of the country and other rural settings for decades. 00:21:27.484 --> 00:21:30.600 Oh, and one of the greatest benefits of this style of lantern 00:21:30.600 --> 00:21:32.926 (more generally called tubular lanterns) 00:21:32.926 --> 00:21:36.295 is that it must be upright in order for it to work. 00:21:36.295 --> 00:21:38.976 If for some reason they become tipped over, 00:21:38.976 --> 00:21:44.051 they quickly become starved of oxygen and will self-extinguish in a few seconds. 00:21:44.051 --> 00:21:49.413 This is important because there’s a tank full of some flammable liquid down there 00:21:49.413 --> 00:21:52.708 and it will eventually start seeping out no matter what 00:21:52.708 --> 00:21:57.848 so when a lantern is knocked over it’s best for it to go out as quickly as possible 00:21:57.848 --> 00:22:02.851 I’ve been looking for a definitive explanation of why this happens without much luck, 00:22:02.851 --> 00:22:08.640 but I think a reasonably explanation is simply the flame ends up stuck inside the deflector, 00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:13.559 so exhaust gases can't rise out of it and instead they fill up the deflector and eventually 00:22:13.559 --> 00:22:16.526 the tubes, snuffing out the flame. 00:22:16.526 --> 00:22:21.147 Honestly I think this safety feature was kind of a happy accident. 00:22:21.147 --> 00:22:25.936 And now I want to talk about a rather sad fact about these lanterns. 00:22:25.936 --> 00:22:29.104 These are new. 00:22:29.104 --> 00:22:32.407 These are not antiques, and in fact... 00:22:33.275 --> 00:22:35.438 I got them from Amazon. 00:22:35.438 --> 00:22:41.801 Now it’d be one thing if these were sold for nostalgia’s sake or for emergency camping use 00:22:41.801 --> 00:22:46.767 but did you notice the holographic - or is this properly called prismatic? - 00:22:46.767 --> 00:22:48.942 anyway these stickers? 00:22:48.942 --> 00:22:51.783 That’s not Dietz being full of themselves or anything. 00:22:51.783 --> 00:22:53.774 In large swaths of the world, 00:22:53.774 --> 00:22:57.587 these are still in general use as everyday illumination, 00:22:57.587 --> 00:23:00.741 and to many folks this is a necessity of life. 00:23:00.741 --> 00:23:06.509 Knowing you got a real Dietz lantern and not some knock-off is important. 00:23:06.509 --> 00:23:08.717 If this website I found is to be believed, 00:23:08.717 --> 00:23:13.769 the amount of kerosene used in these lamps and lanterns on an annual basis 00:23:13.769 --> 00:23:20.250 is about exactly the same as the annual consumption of jet fuel in the United States. 00:23:20.250 --> 00:23:22.835 Remember, jet fuel is essentially what these burn 00:23:22.835 --> 00:23:26.720 so that’s pretty much an apples-to-apples comparison oddly enough. 00:23:26.720 --> 00:23:29.534 Now that statistic is from a book from 2012 00:23:29.534 --> 00:23:32.839 and we’ve probably made some progress in that regard, 00:23:32.839 --> 00:23:36.270 but isn’t that, frankly, depressing? 00:23:36.270 --> 00:23:42.808 Huge numbers of people are stuck using what is to us more than a century-old technology 00:23:42.808 --> 00:23:46.866 simply because electrification hasn’t yet made it to their part of the world. 00:23:46.866 --> 00:23:47.900 And to be clear, 00:23:47.900 --> 00:23:53.549 although the carbon emissions of that are way worse than I thought they could possibly be since, you know, 00:23:53.549 --> 00:23:56.486 it’s as bad as US air travel somehow, 00:23:56.486 --> 00:23:58.808 that’s not what concerns me at all. 00:23:58.808 --> 00:24:03.837 This is a humanitarian problem that we need to be fixing. 00:24:03.837 --> 00:24:10.010 Like, these are charming and interesting and historically notable but they’re also… 00:24:10.010 --> 00:24:11.325 bad! 00:24:11.325 --> 00:24:16.213 The reason I’ve not had them lit while shooting most of this talking head is that… 00:24:16.213 --> 00:24:20.792 using them indoors is not exactly a great idea. 00:24:20.792 --> 00:24:26.286 Sure, they burn cleanly enough that we don’t see soot, at least when properly adjusted, 00:24:26.286 --> 00:24:29.965 but they are still smelly and unpleasant to be around. 00:24:29.965 --> 00:24:34.126 And we know long-term exposure comes with significant health risks. 00:24:34.126 --> 00:24:37.932 Besides that, they’re still dangerous in the more immediate sense. 00:24:37.932 --> 00:24:44.773 Sure, they’ll go out if tipped over, but you’ll still have a puddle of kerosene to deal with if that happens. 00:24:44.773 --> 00:24:46.975 They’re very hot when running, 00:24:46.975 --> 00:24:51.984 refueling them is fiddly - I mean, the spout on these is really small - 00:24:51.984 --> 00:24:54.365 and like, it’s fire! 00:24:54.365 --> 00:24:56.783 Sure, it’s not an open flame which is good, 00:24:56.783 --> 00:25:00.109 but these can and do start fires. 00:25:00.109 --> 00:25:04.527 Thankfully organizations exist today that are doing the very overdue work 00:25:04.527 --> 00:25:07.671 of replacing these lanterns in the developing world. 00:25:07.671 --> 00:25:10.531 You’ve probably heard of some of them and their clever ideas - 00:25:10.531 --> 00:25:15.935 like the GravityLight which uses the energy of a falling weight to power an LED. 00:25:15.935 --> 00:25:17.142 And that’s the thing - 00:25:17.142 --> 00:25:22.066 these are brighter than you probably expect, especially if you’ve never used one before. 00:25:22.066 --> 00:25:26.594 But it’s still not much light, maybe 10 watts incandescent equivalent? 00:25:26.594 --> 00:25:28.042 Something like that. 00:25:28.042 --> 00:25:35.907 With efficient LEDs, a small solar panel and pretty small battery can easily beat these by a lot. 00:25:35.907 --> 00:25:41.404 But anyway, these lanterns did not represent the end-point of fuel-combustion for lighting. 00:25:41.404 --> 00:25:47.353 Although, sadly, after the cold-blast lantern we never made that next logical step 00:25:47.353 --> 00:25:49.038 which would of course have been 00:25:49.038 --> 00:25:51.027 the Baja-blast lantern. 00:25:52.011 --> 00:25:54.901 However, this green herring from before? 00:25:54.901 --> 00:25:57.277 This is an Aladdin lamp. 00:25:57.277 --> 00:26:03.838 This kerosene lamp uses technology that was developed right at the end of the road for gas lighting. 00:26:03.838 --> 00:26:07.162 This is an incandescent lamp. 00:26:07.162 --> 00:26:11.051 It's not electric, mind you, but incandescent. 00:26:11.051 --> 00:26:13.311 And we’ll explore it in a future video. 00:26:13.311 --> 00:26:14.999 Maybe even the next one! 00:26:15.433 --> 00:26:16.756 But you know me. 00:26:17.306 --> 00:26:18.640 Probably not. 00:26:20.406 --> 00:26:22.314 To close-out, I have two things. 00:26:22.314 --> 00:26:27.457 First, if the cold-blast lantern was such an improvement over the hot-blast design, 00:26:27.457 --> 00:26:29.925 which for the most part it was, 00:26:29.925 --> 00:26:33.594 why didn’t the hot-blast design become obsolete? 00:26:33.594 --> 00:26:36.488 Well, this does actually have an advantage. 00:26:36.488 --> 00:26:38.790 The recirculation of the exhaust, 00:26:38.790 --> 00:26:41.419 while it does make it burn less intensely, 00:26:41.419 --> 00:26:43.632 makes the lantern more fuel-efficient. 00:26:43.632 --> 00:26:48.630 If you’re concerned about the cost of fuel more than you are light output and quality, 00:26:48.630 --> 00:26:50.546 it can be a better choice. 00:26:50.546 --> 00:26:54.793 Also, they tend to be less smelly thanks to that recirculation, 00:26:54.793 --> 00:26:58.307 so they can be a better option for indoor-use, 00:26:58.307 --> 00:27:02.603 though honestly I don’t notice a difference between the two of these on that front. 00:27:03.095 --> 00:27:06.498 I take that back, when getting the B-roll shots it became apparent 00:27:06.498 --> 00:27:11.589 that the cold-blast lantern was *significantly* smellier than the hot-blast. 00:27:11.589 --> 00:27:14.950 Not that I would suggest you should use either one indoors. 00:27:14.950 --> 00:27:15.950 Seriously. 00:27:15.950 --> 00:27:19.659 It’s unpleasant to the point that I needed to take breaks. 00:27:19.659 --> 00:27:25.080 The second thing I want to mention is Irwin’s focus on pre-heating the combustion air. 00:27:25.080 --> 00:27:28.515 He touts that as benefit in both of his patents, 00:27:28.515 --> 00:27:32.119 but I think this was entirely misguided. 00:27:32.119 --> 00:27:36.821 I mean, anyone who knows anything about wasting their money on car modifications 00:27:36.821 --> 00:27:41.959 will tell you that you need a cold-air intake for more power. 00:27:42.770 --> 00:27:50.610 Which is exactly why the intake of your car is already as far forward as possible so it's away from the hot bits of the engine but anyway, 00:27:50.610 --> 00:27:56.237 the hot-blast lantern definitely does pre-heat the air but the cold-blast… 00:27:56.237 --> 00:27:57.707 it doesn’t. 00:27:57.707 --> 00:28:00.247 Cold is in its name, after all. 00:28:00.247 --> 00:28:03.961 I mean, once it’s been lit for a while the tubes do get pretty warm 00:28:03.961 --> 00:28:08.580 because they’re made of metal and partly touch the other hot metal bits up here, 00:28:08.580 --> 00:28:12.617 but at the bottom they’re barely warmer than ambient temp. 00:28:12.617 --> 00:28:15.577 Because only fresh air is going through them. 00:28:15.577 --> 00:28:18.812 In Irwin's’ original drawings for this design 00:28:18.812 --> 00:28:27.027 preheating the incoming air was obviously something he still wanted to accomplish despite separating the intake and exhaust. 00:28:27.027 --> 00:28:30.072 But I can't figure out why. 00:28:30.072 --> 00:28:35.335 I don’t know if he thought it was a logical thing to do because of the success of the hot-blast lantern, 00:28:35.335 --> 00:28:39.672 and indeed in that patent he touts it as a benefit. 00:28:39.672 --> 00:28:41.484 But I don’t really get it. 00:28:41.484 --> 00:28:45.127 Maybe he thought warmed air was more supportive of the flame? 00:28:45.127 --> 00:28:48.849 Or maybe there’s a real benefit to it that I’m missing. 00:28:48.849 --> 00:28:52.739 But I really don’t think it actually helps make the lantern work better, 00:28:52.739 --> 00:28:57.832 and Dietz’s designs certainly don’t do much to heat the intake air. 00:28:57.832 --> 00:28:59.864 It’s really just incidental. 00:29:00.472 --> 00:29:02.071 Anyway… 00:29:02.071 --> 00:29:03.535 toodles! 00:29:04.461 --> 00:29:07.091 ♫ phlogisticatedly smooth jazz ♫ 00:29:08.191 --> 00:29:11.527 Technology isn’t limited to the realm of electricity. 00:29:11.527 --> 00:29:16.896 This simply candle contains what was at one point a marvelous new invention, 00:29:16.896 --> 00:29:18.609 simplifying the li - *laughs* 00:29:18.609 --> 00:29:20.515 And it didn’t even light. 00:29:20.515 --> 00:29:21.432 However 00:29:21.432 --> 00:29:22.149 [match is struck] 00:29:22.902 --> 00:29:26.805 It is harder to light a match in complete darkness than you would think! 00:29:26.805 --> 00:29:27.305 However 00:29:27.305 --> 00:29:28.126 [match is struck] 00:29:29.255 --> 00:29:31.292 Failed to light a match again. 00:29:31.292 --> 00:29:32.455 Great track record. 00:29:32.455 --> 00:29:38.095 This simple candle contains an innovation that was at one point a marvelous new invention, 00:29:38.095 --> 00:29:39.218 simplifying the… 00:29:40.086 --> 00:29:42.007 can’t even light a dang candle. 00:29:42.007 --> 00:29:46.676 ...incorporated here was an innovation that predated Levoisier’s combuston theory… 00:29:46.676 --> 00:29:48.641 conFORKIN' theory. 00:29:48.641 --> 00:29:52.810 Earlier attempts at making kerosene-like fuels failed in this regard, 00:29:52.810 --> 00:29:53.310 but… 00:29:54.202 --> 00:29:55.453 [laughs] 00:29:56.958 --> 00:29:58.051 That was fun! 00:29:58.051 --> 00:29:59.910 Is there a burn mark? 00:29:59.910 --> 00:30:00.687 Oh, good. 00:30:00.687 --> 00:30:02.329 Table’s First Burn Mark! 00:30:02.329 --> 00:30:06.156 ...was to seal the fuel tank completely as poss.. 00:30:06.156 --> 00:30:07.391 As completely. 00:30:08.433 --> 00:30:09.151 Oops. 00:30:09.151 --> 00:30:11.335 My fellow lantern aficionados and I, 00:30:11.335 --> 00:30:13.404 we call ourselves Dietz Nuts, 00:30:13.404 --> 00:30:15.550 can tell the difference apart from a mi 00:30:15.550 --> 00:30:16.777 [breaks into laughter] 00:30:20.685 --> 00:30:24.099 ..can tell the difference apart from a mile away. 00:30:24.099 --> 00:30:26.535 Bofa deez [breaks into laughter again] 00:30:30.327 --> 00:30:32.942 Now, my fellow lantern aficionados and I, 00:30:32.942 --> 00:30:35.478 we call ourselves... [yet again fails to not laugh] 00:30:35.478 --> 00:30:40.095 Bofa deez lanterns succeeded at protecting their [he’s losing it] flames from the wind... 00:30:40.095 --> 00:30:40.803 [and more laughter] 00:30:40.803 --> 00:30:43.514 Bofa deez lanterns [lost it again] 00:30:44.151 --> 00:30:46.359 Bofa deez lanterns succe... [and there we go once more] 00:30:46.359 --> 00:30:47.334 Shoot. 00:30:51.618 --> 00:30:53.091 Well, that doesn’t work! 00:30:57.462 --> 00:30:59.459 Learn something new every day. 00:30:59.459 --> 00:31:02.014 ...creates a long, flat flame. 00:31:02.014 --> 00:31:03.109 This produce… 00:31:03.515 --> 00:31:04.581 [brain.exe has stopped] 00:31:06.694 --> 00:31:10.631 As a matter of fact, the first true innovation can be pegged to… 00:31:11.673 --> 00:31:14.969 Glad that didn’t go out yet, ‘cause that was [throat clear] 00:31:14.969 --> 00:31:18.655 But anyway, we’re all over the place here (as usual) so. 00:31:18.655 --> 00:31:19.304 [clunk] 00:31:19.710 --> 00:31:21.085 I forgot this is here. 00:31:21.490 --> 00:31:22.643 You’re really tall! 00:31:22.643 --> 00:31:25.530 Although to be fair, the word “paraffin” was derived 00:31:25.530 --> 00:31:28.659 shhhh that’s the wrong word! 00:31:29.788 --> 00:31:32.936 I thought I had a good handle on how to light matches when I first set out to make this video. 00:31:32.936 --> 00:31:35.730 As you could see here, this turned out not to be the case. 00:31:35.730 --> 00:31:38.395 I honestly don't know where I went wrong in life. 00:31:38.395 --> 00:31:41.459 I guess for me, when I use a Diamond it'll be rough. 00:31:42.559 --> 00:31:43.868 See, it's a pun on "diamond in the rough." 00:31:44.563 --> 00:31:45.348 Shut up, it's hilarious.